Showing posts with label equivocation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label equivocation. Show all posts

Saturday, May 14, 2022

Science and Equivocation

Neil deGrasse Tyson
On the Instagram feed "MoneyTips" there's a snippet of an interview with Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicists, author, and science commentator who often appears on television to talk about science. Tyson is articulate and presents himself well. 

Unfortunately, Tyson often gets derailed to talk about religious faith about which he has ideological blinders. In the process he projects his own logical fallacies on the religious faithful. It's a form of psychological projection—"I'm doing what I find fault with you, and the fault I claim you are committing, I'm committing as well." Some of what he says is true of some religious groups, but he over generalizes and inadvertently reveals his "faith" in atheism. At the same time he seems to discount the "faith" that is required for productive scientific investigation. One must have faith in a rational, intelligent, and ordered universe for the scientific method to function. 

Now, I don't want to spend time here explaining all of this, as I have a different purpose in mind. I do explain this in my webisode series The Logic of Catholicism, which could be titled The Logic of Christianity. In either regard much of the same material is covered in our book of Dr. Stan Walter's lectures Basic Christianity. 

Here's the quote from the Tyson clip and the link so you can hear for yourself. 

So these are people who apparently require data to support their faith. That I find odd, right? Because then it's not faith, right? I mean, if, if you have religious faith, then whatever anyone says about the world wouldn't matter to you. If it does matter to you, then that's a different kind of contract that you're taking out on information. And that contract is there could be data out there that would conflict with your religious philosophy, and then you'd have to go along with it. But that's not what actually happens. There's a pretense that data matters. And then they filter it, reinterpret it, ignore parts of it, slice and dice it so that it all fits in to the religious philosophy. So it requires blinders in order to make that happen. 

Here's the link to the above quote: https://www.instagram.com/reel/Ccs_MUjj1zd/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link 

In this clip Tyson is defining faith much the way many Evangelical Christians define faith—a mental construct that does not require physical, historical, or logical evidence. Christianity, which I am defending here, requires all three kinds of evidence for its authenticity. Many other religious faiths require little. So Tyson is right about some "faiths" but wrong about Christianity. 

In a Catholic/Christian sense "faith" is a belief that things will happen in the future that are consistent with what has happened in the past. In Basic Christianity, Walters refers to D. Elton Trueblood's little book, which I love, titled "The Trustworthines of Religious Experience," which is still in print and I encourage all to read it. It's the "scientific" argument for Christian experience. That is, it applies the scientific method to the religious experience of Christians throughout the ages. 

Tyson's projection is that he is using blind "religious" faith in his disbelief of Christianity and the Bible. His own words describe this, which I've taken the liberty to edit (see italics) to show his projection:

If you have atheistic faith, then whatever anyone says about the world of Christianity wouldn't matter to you. If it does matter to you, then that's a different kind of contract that you're taking out on information. And that contract is there could be data out there (about the facts, evidences, and reasons for the Christian faith) that would conflict with your atheistic philosophy, and then you'd have to go along with it. But that's not what actually happens. There's a pretense (I ascribe to) that data matters. But I filter it, reinterpret it, ignore parts of it, slice and dice it so that it all fits in to my atheistic philosophy. So it requires blinders in order to make that happen.

When Tyson comments on what he believes is the unreconcilable juxtaposition of science and faith, he equivocates to make his arguments sound logical, but in fact his equivocation makes his comments irrational.  Christian faith requires an abundance of facts, evidences, and valid logic to make sense. 

Now, my purpose in bringing this up is a comment thread I got partly involved in with a couple of belligerents who in in Tyson's camp and are too lazy to study the counter evidence or stubborn in their ideology to come out of the darkness into the light of reason and the world around us. Tyson's comment in the picture above amazes me: "The more I look at the universe the more I'm convinced there is no God." He's essentially saying, "the vast, interrelated, functioning, complexity of the universe convinces me that it all happened by random chance." This reveals, again, Tyson's blind faith in creation happening by random chance for which he has no evidence.

So, one person (Alex) engaged me in a discussion and eventually asked for some evidence of Christ's resurrection. He claimed he didn't want to read a book, although he seemed to be familiar with a few Biblical stories. Here is what I attempted to tell him, but Instagram refused the length of my reply. So, if Alex comes to this post, he can read this summary of some of Walter's lecture from Basic Christianity.

Alex, i’ll try but this is not an easy format to edit. 
The best historical evidence we have for any historical event is the verbal/written testimony of eye witnesses. There is that difference between scientific evidence and historical evidence. Of course you have to have faith in the eye witness accounts, and there are techniques for authenticating such accounts. (See Walter's BC book.)
You such accurate accounts in the case of the New Testament writings. There are many arguments that attempt to discredit the New Testament writings as made up or fictional or just facetious. But the arguments are thin and easily refuted. (See Walter''s BC book.) What you do have regarding the resurrection is that the Gospels claim, as well as some of the letters after the Gospels, that Christ appeared to over 500 people at one time, as well as spending time with his apostles and disciples of which there were many more than 12. He ate with them and he drank with them and he instructed them for many days before he ascended into heaven. 
Those eye witnesses that wrote about Christ’s resurrection did so during a time when other eye witnesses, which might have refuted his resurrection, we\re still alive. And yet you have no contravening evidence or testimony in the historical record that Christ stayed dead. At the same time, Christianity spread like wildfire throughout the region and into other countries principally because the resurrection story could not and was never refuted by those that were against the Christian sect.
There is evidence like there is no tomb in which the body of Jesus could be found. And there wasn’t at the time. The Romans and the Jews and the others that might not have liked Jesus could not find such place. That means they could not find the body. And it's hard to reason that a few fishermen and a single tax collector could outwit Roman legions and the great political power of the Jewish authorities. 
And then you have the evidence that hundreds if not thousands of Christians willingly gave up their lives because they believed the resurrection which occurred in their lifetime and to which they were eye witnesses. You have to ask yourself would you die for a lie? Or would you rather show the authorities where the body was or explain what you did with it and live?  All but one of Christ's 11 apostles were martyred because they refused to believe that Christ was in the grave. Of course they had seen him alive, and ate with him, and spend many days with him after his resurrection.  
There were plenty of officials, Roman and Jewish, who could’ve easily produced the body or pointed to a grave if in fact Christ was in the grave or his body somewhere. But no one could. And yet Christ kept appearing to these hundreds of people that followed him. And they wrote about it, and they died for it. 
Now there are many arguments that attempt to refute all of this and other things. And the only way to discern it for yourself is to look at the arguments make a list of them and see the rebuttals and refutations for the arguments. Which is more reasonable. That the testimonies are true of his resurrection or something else. And that is what the BC book does. You can also go online to the book site that I linked above and there are some audio lectures that I’ve recorded from the books author, as well as a video that might be helpful. 
The point of the whole Christian idea is that something happened. And that something that happened is Christ’s life, death, and resurrection. There is a lot of historical evidence that the claims of Christianity are true historically. And there is the Trustworthiness of Religious Experience and I and millions of others give personal, eye witness, testimony to, as well. 
In the end, you have to ask yourself, if it did happen what does that mean for your life? If it didn’t happen and if it can be easily disapproved then Christianity is fake and it’s worthless and it means nothing. And yet today Christianity is based on this one event — that the Jesus rose from the dead that in fact he is God in person. It is unlike any other religion that ever has touched the face of the earth. That God came down and became man and we saw him and we spoke with him, argued with him, and we killed him, and yet he rose from the dead proving (giving evidence) to an event that no other religion as ever even suggested—that God came to live among man, as a man, and we saw him, talked with him and he lived among us.

Wednesday, October 13, 2021

FAITH AND WORKS: Understanding Christian Equivocation Towards Unity

A short essay on

Faith and Works

Notes Toward Christian Unity


There has been a discussion since New Testament time when it appears that St. James (the author of James) and St. Paul (the author or Romans) appeared to disagree on the role of Faith vs. Works. The Relevant passages are James 2:24-26 and Romans 4:3f. I do not intend to contrast and compare those passages here, but attempt an overarching explanation with the help of Jesus's words and passages form the Catholic Catechism. 


1. DEFINING THE ARGUMENT

Some Christians claim that faith alone is all that is necessary for reception of God's salvation (redemption) and others claim the faith AND works are necessary. No Christian doctrine claims the works alone are sufficient. Some Protestants believe that some High-Church doctrines (e.g. Roman Catholicism) teach works alone, but this cannot be found in the catechisms of those faith traditions but only in the anti-Catholic rhetoric that falsely claim such things. The difference is between faith alone vs faith and works. 


2. ASSUMPTION

All of Scripture must agree with all other Scripture (where Scripture here is defined by what we find in the Bible, whether it be the Protestant Canon or one of the other 9 canons used by different Christian sects around the world). I do not claim that one canon of Scripture is more accurate than another or that one should be used over another when trying to understand God's work of Redemption. Pick any of the canons, they will all lead to the same place.


3. DIFFERENT APOLOGETIC PURPOSES OF ROMANS VS. JAMES

Assuming No. 2 is true, some commentators have explained the difference between James's and Paul's perspective as the consequence of the two authors arguing against the extreme and false beliefs of their audiences: Paul arguing against the works alone mentality of the Romans, and James arguing against the faith alone mentality of Jewish Christians. But to us today, these two key passages must agree on some level against if No. 2 is true. So, let's assume that if Paul and James were to debate the issue, they would not disagree once their terms and audiences were clearly defined. 


4. EQUIVOCATION: SALVATION (SAVED)

Perhaps a key stumbling block for Christian unity on this topic can be resolved by seeing a common equivocation between Evangelical understanding of salvation and a High-Church understanding of it. 


Let me propose that Evangelical understanding of "salvation" (or being "saved") is that moment in time when a person accepts Christ by faith into their life and their past sins are forgiven.


The Catholic understanding of "salvation" (as used in Scripture) is broader and more nuanced. Yet in every case "salvation" for both understandings means "deliverance from dire circumstances or oppression by some evil to a state of freedom and security." Biblically this can be achieved by:

a. way of preservation

b. offering the means for being delivered

c. removing the oppressive evil or difficulty

d. rewarding the effort spent in cooperating with grace in order to be delivered.


All of that includes the Evangelical spiritual understanding, but it also includes the many ways God saved his people in the O.T. temporally. It also includes a Christian's final entry into heaven. 


So, "salvation" is more than just personal spiritual redemption, at least in a Biblical sense. 


5. NO EQUIVOCATION: JUSTIFICATION


The terms that is used by both traditions equally is "justification." or "justification by faith." In both Evangelical and Catholic terminology "justification" refers to the instant a person comes to faith in Christ. (Romans 5:1) Here are three passages from the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) that describe that moment, which I believe agrees well with most Evangelical uses. 


CCC 1991 Justification is at the same time the acceptance of God's righteousness through faith in Jesus Christ. Righteousness (or "justice") here means the rectitude of divine love. With justification, faith, hope, and charity are poured into our hearts, and obedience to the divine will is granted us.


CCC 1989 The first work of the grace of the Holy Spirit is conversion, effecting justification in accordance with Jesus' proclamation at the beginning of the Gospel: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." Moved by grace, man turns toward God and away from sin, thus accepting forgiveness and righteousness from on high. "Justification is not only the remission of sins, but also the sanctification and renewal of the interior man.


CCC 2018 Like conversion, justification has two aspects. Moved by grace, man turns toward God and away from sin, and so accepts forgiveness and righteousness from on high.


Notice the term "salvation" is not used here because of its broad use in Scripture. 


6. FURTHER CLARIFICATION: SANCTIFICATION


A term used in both Evangelical and Catholic settings that is also generally understood the same is "sanctification." Both faith traditions understand this to mean "to be made holy." Both Evangelical and Catholic doctrines teach this as the process throughout one's life of achieving perfection in preparation for entering heaven. John Hardon divides sanctification in 3 stages:


1. The first sanctification takes place at justification. 


2. The second sanctification is a lifelong process by which a justified person grows closer to likeness in God through grace and obedience. (this is the primary Evangelical understanding)


3. The third sanctification takes place when a person enters heaven and becomes totally and irrevocably united with God. 


7. FAITH AND WORKS


Hopefully, this brings us to resolving the Faith vs. Works issue. 


To oversimplify the centuries old debate, but perhaps focus on a key misunderstanding, Evangelicalism is focused on "justification," that initial moment of the first sanctification or a most important definition of being "saved."  The Catholic focus is on getting into heaven, that third sanctification and being saved and secure for eternity without a chance of losing one's salvation. (c.f. Arminianism vs. Calvinism) 


That Catholic AND Evangelical focus is on that second stage of sanctification—the lifelong process of growing to be more like Christ. A good and extensive Biblical example of this the focus of Jesus's Sermon on the Mount. The sermon is not about justification, but about the process of growing in holiness so one can enter heaven. It is about the Christian's obedience to Christ that playa a critical role if one is to enter heaven. It is here that "obedience" is equivalent to good "deeds" or good "works."  Here is a list from Matthew 5-7:


Be salt and light (5:13-16) — "your light must shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your heavenly Father."


Obey the Law (5:17-20) — "whoever breaks one of the least of these commandments...I tell you unless your righteousness surpasses that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven." 


Anger and Murder (5:21-26) - You will not be released until you have paid the last penny.


Adultery (5:27-30) — Do not commit it in mind or body. 


Divorce (5:31-32) — Whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery.


Oaths (5:33-37) — "Let your 'yes' mean 'yes' and your 'no' mean 'no.' Anything more is from the evil one."


And so-on about:

• Retaliation

• Love of Enemies

• Almsgiving

• Prayer

• Fasting

• Treasures

• What your eye sees

• Money

• Judging Others

• Pearls before swine

• The Golden Rule

• Behavior - The Narrow Gate

• Judging the works and fruit of others re: False Prophets


The Sermon is summarized at the end of Chapter 7:

• The True Disciple: "Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter the kingdom of heaven, BUT ONLY THE ONE WHO DOES THE WILL OF MY FATHER IN HEAVEN. 

• Parable of the wise and foolish man — "And everyone who listens to these words of mine but does not act on them will be a like a fool who built his house on sand...and was completely ruined."


The Sermon on the Mount is not about justification but about that third stage of sanctification or securing our salvation in heaven. It is how the works that come about from justification are required for entry into heaven.  (Not discussed here, but neither forgotten, is the efficacy toward this end, of confession and forgiveness of sins.)


Finally, on the importance of our Christian witness and how the faith of others is dependent on our good works of passing on the faith.  This is another perspective of how faith (in others) is dead without the work (deeds) of our witness. 


CCC 166 Faith is a personal act - the free response of the human person to the initiative of God who reveals himself. But faith is not an isolated act. No one can believe alone, just as no one can live alone. You have not given yourself faith as you have not given yourself life. The believer has received faith from others and should hand it on to others. Our love for Jesus and for our neighbor impels us to speak to others about our faith. Each believer is thus a link in the great chain of believers. I cannot believe without being carried by the faith of others, and by my faith I help support others in the faith.


Friday, April 29, 2016

What Does That Mean Anyway?

Words taken from the book,
WHAT CATHOLICS REALLY BELIEVE
Dr. Ray Guarendi & Fr. Kevin Fete 
  

 Incarnation
The greatest proof of God's desire to work through the physical world to give us grace, was the Incarnation- God taking on the form of man in Jesus Christ.

Venerate
To pay honor to someone or something, which does not detract from God's glory, but adds to God's glory. Veneration is not "adoration" or "worship" which are activities, within Catholicism, reserved for God alone.

The Great Schism
The formal split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy in 1054.